Next generation LEO satellite constellation networks: Opportunities, applications, and challenges

Recently, a new worldwide race has emerged to achieve a breakthrough in designing and deploying massive ultra-dense low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation (SatCon) networks with the vision of providing everywhere Internet coverage from space. Several players have started the deployment phase with different scales. However, the implementation is in its infancy, and many investigations are needed. This work provides an overview of the state-of-the-art architectures, orbital patterns, top players, and potential applications of SatCon networks. Moreover, we discuss new open research directions and challenges for improving network performance. Finally, a case study highlights the benefits of integrating SatCon network and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technologies for improving the achievable capacity of satellite end-users.