Topological Polymers and Entangled Networks: Advanced Macromolecular Platforms for Controlled Drug Encapsulation and Precision Delivery

Topological polymers and entangled polymer networks have emerged as highly versatile platforms for drug delivery, offering improved encapsulation efficiency, controlled release and biocompatibility. Unlike conventional linear polymers, these advanced macromolecular architectures, including cyclic polymers, polyrotaxanes, catenanes and interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), exhibit unique molecular entanglements and supramolecular interactions that enhance drug stability and prolong therapeutic effects. Their ability to undergo stimuli-responsive transformations allows for site-specific drug delivery, minimizing systemic side effects and improving patient outcomes. This review explores the fundamental principles of topological polymers and entangled networks, discussing their design strategies, rheological properties and encapsulation mechanisms. We highlight key biomedical applications, including their use in cancer therapy, gene delivery and regenerative medicine, emphasizing how these materials improve drug bioavailability and controlled diffusion. Future research must focus on enhancing polymer biodegradability, fine-tuning release kinetics and integrating real-time drug monitoring systems. By leveraging interdisciplinary approaches from macromolecular physics, supramolecular chemistry and pharmaceutical sciences, topological polymer-based drug delivery systems hold great promise in revolutionizing precision medicine.