Diagnostic Potential of Determining Individual Extracellular Vesicles Subsets in Clinical Practice

Highlights The review is dedicated to analysis of available data on diagnostic significance of extracellular vesicles and their nucleic acids and proteins cargo. The analysis is focused on clinical application of testing systems in various pathological conditions and illnesses. In particular, diagnostic value of miRNA levels in different types of cancer are also presented. Abstract The increased number of performed studies investigating biological nature of extracellular vesicles, as well as their participation in many biological and pathological processes, determines the need to translate the acquired knowledge into practical medicine. The development of diagnostic and prognostic algorithms based on the study of the level of target extracellular vesicles in patients with various pathological conditions is the most promising way of translation of this knowledge. This review attempts to systematize the available data on the experience and/or prospects for the use of certain classes of extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis of the most common diseases and pathological conditions (ischemic and reperfusion injuries of tissues and organs, infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases, malignant tumors, etc.). Potentially applicable extracellular vesicles for diagnostic purposes are considered separately in terms of their protein composition, as well as in terms of the repertoire of transferred nucleic acids (primarily miRNAs).