A study was conducted on the effects of microstructure, atmosphere, and several dopants on the electrical conductivity of bismuth titanate (Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 , BIT). Increased grain size increased the conductivity in undoped BIT as did acceptor dopants that substituted for either Bi (Ca and Sr) or Ti (Fe). A donor dopant (Nb) decreased the conductivity in BIT by as much as 3 orders of magnitude. The increased resistivity of Nb‐doped BIT improved the polarization in an electric field. A piezoelectric coefficient, d 33 , of 20.0 pC/N was achieved with a Nb‐doped BIT composition corresponding to Bi 4 Ti 2.86 Nb 0.14 O 12 .
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Shulman et al. (1996) studied this question.
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