Type-2 diabetic aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 mutant mice (ALDH 2*2) exhibiting heart failure with preserved ejection fraction phenotype can be determined by exercise stress echocardiography

Figures

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  Fig 1. High-fat diet induces obesity in C57BL and ALDH2*2 mutant mice. Body weight increase in high-fat fed C57BL and ALDH2*2 mutant diabetic mice (DM) compared to their respective non-diabetic controls (Ctrl.). Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 vs Respective Ctrl.

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  Fig 2. High-fat diet induces hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in C57BL and ALDH2*2 mutant mice. Increase in blood glucose levels (refer values at the zero minutes) and glucose intolerance with IPGTT up to 120 minutes was observed in high-fat fed C57BL and ALDH2*2 mutant diabetic mice (DM) compared to their respective non-diabetic controls (Ctrl.).Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.003 vs Respective Ctrl.

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  Fig 3. High-fat diet induces hyperinsulinemia in C57BL and ALDH2*2 mutant mice. Serum insulin levels were measured using insulin ELISA kit. *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 vs. Respective Ctrl.

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  Fig 4. Increase in heart rate with exercise stress. Increase in heart rate is lower in diabetic mice compared to control mice. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). $p<0.05 and $ $ $p<0.001 vs C57 Ctrl. **p<0.01 vs. Respective Ctrl. ##p<0.01 and ###p<0.001 vs before exercise stress of same group; Ωp<0.05 vs. C57DM.

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  Fig 5. Changes in systolic contractile functional parameters with exercise stress. Larger decrease in %FS (B) and %EF (C) in diabetic mice compared to control mice. Decrease in diastolic functional parameter, cardiac relaxation rate (CRR) (D) is observed in diabetic mice compared to control mice. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 vs. Respective Ctrl.; #p<0.05 and ###p<0.001 vs before exercise stress of same group; Ωp<0.05 and ΩΩΩp<0.001 vs. C57DM.

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  Fig 6. Running distance and duration of control and diabetic mice. Lower running duration (A) and distance (B) in diabetic mice compared to control mice. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). ***p<0.001 vs. C57 Ctrl.; Ωp<0.05 and ΩΩΩp<0.001 vs C57 DM.

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  Fig 7. Correlation graphs. A positive correlations between % change in cardiac output (CO) and running distance (A) as well as % FS after run and running distance (B).

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  Fig 8. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in diabetic mice. Serum BNP levels (A). Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (B) and its quantification data (C) Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 vs. Respective Ctrl.; Ωp<0.05 vs C57 DM.