Mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in rat hearts during postnatal development: MAPKs, MAP3Ks, MAP4Ks and DUSPs

Mammalian cardiomyocytes become terminally-differentiated during the perinatal period. In rodents, cytokinesis ceases after a final division cycle immediately after birth. Nuclear division continues and most cardiomyocytes become binucleated by ∼11 days. Subsequent growth results from an increase in cardiomyocyte size. The mechanisms involved remain under investigation. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate cell growth/death: extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) promote proliferation, whilst c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38-MAPKs respond to cellular stresses. We assessed their regulation in rat hearts during postnatal development (2, 7, 14, and 28 days, 12 weeks) during which time there was rapid, substantial downregulation of mitosis/cytokinesis genes (Cenpa/e/f, Aurkb, Anln, Cdca8, Orc6) with lesser downregulation of DNA replication genes (Orcs1-5, Mcms2-7). MAPK activation was assessed by immunoblotting for total and phosphorylated (activated) kinases. Total ERK1/2 was downregulated, but not JNKs or p38-MAPKs, whilst phosphorylation of all MAPKs increased relative to total protein albeit transiently for JNKs. These profiles differed from activation of Akt (also involved in cardiomyocyte growth). Dual-specificity phosphatases, upstream MAPK kinase kinases (MAP3Ks), and MAP3K kinases (MAP4Ks) identified in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes by RNASeq were differentially regulated during postnatal cardiac development. The MAP3Ks that we could assess by immunoblotting (RAF kinases and Map3k3) showed greater downregulation of the protein than mRNA. MAP3K2/MAP3K3/MAP4K5 were upregulated in human failing heart samples and may be part of the "foetal gene programme" of re-expressed genes in disease. Thus, MAPKs, along with kinases and phosphatases that regulate them, potentially play a significant role in postnatal remodelling of the heart.