A New Era of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated Protein 9 Gene Editing Technology in Cardiovascular Diseases

Figures

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  Figure 1. Different gene-editing technologies. (a) Zinc-finger nucleases contain a chain of zinc-finger proteins that can bind to a specific sequence of DNA in a very specific site and, by complexing with a bacterial nuclease (Fok1), can cleavage DNA strands, (b) Transcription activator-like effectors can be designed to bind to the target DNA sequence, and this combination can cleave DNA from this specific site in association with the Fok1 nuclease enzyme, (c) Gene modification with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) method is currently one of the strongest and best tools for gene change at the level of nucleotide sequences in DNA structure. In this figure, the mechanism of the CRISPR/Cas9 method in gene editing is shown step by step. ZF: Zinc-finger, ZFN: ZF nuclease, TALE: Transcription activator-like effector, TALEN: TALE nucleases, CRISPR: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, Cas9: CRISPR-associated protein 9, gRNA: Guide RNA

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  Figure 2. Flowchart of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 genome editing. Cas9: CRISPR-associated protein 9, gRNA: Guide RNA

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  Figure 3. Use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene-editing technology in clinical trials for the treatment of cardiovascular disease (a) Sample is taken from a patient with cardiovascular disease, (b) Cardiovascular cells are isolated from the patient, (c) Corrections are made in cells with the CRISPR/Cas9 method, (d) The patient-specific corrected cells are transplanted into the patient. CRISPR: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, Cas9: CRISPR-associated protein 9