Cycle Length Evaluation in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Using Kernel Density Estimation to Identify Transient and Stable Rapid Atrial Activity

Figure 1. Electrogram samples were collected from all major regions of the left atrium to ensure that the algorithm was tested on electrograms with various characteristics.

Figure 2. Use of unipolar electrogram in identifying local activations. In case of difficult to interpret bipolar electrograms, the corresponding unipolar electrograms can be loaded into the EnSite Electrogram Analysis Tool (EEAT) enabling identification of local activation based on maximum negative dV/dt. Local activations are assessed in pairs. From the left, the pair marked with green concludes at the same point that the next annotation pair marked in blue starts, thereby ensuring that all local activation pairs are taken individually.

Figure 3. Kernel density estimation compared to histogram based analysis. CL AF cycle length from manual annotations, SL AF segment length, OI dominant cycle length organisational index, n local activation pair samples within the peak, span summative time of all local activation pairs within the peak.

Figure 4. Flowchart representing the algorithm used to define dominant cycle length and rapid cluster cycle length within each 8 s atrial fibrillation segment. DCL: dominant cycle length; CL: cycle length; NCLW: number of cycle length data in ± 5 ms window.

Figure 5. Frequency percentage of all valid segments by proportion of segment annotated. The majority of segments had annotations that covered ≥ 50% (4 s) of the segment.

Figure 6. Bland Altman plots describing measurement differences between Operator 1 vs Operator 2. Red line represents mean difference.

Figure 7. Dominant cycle length organisational index (DCL-OI) and Peak number by patient. Patient 1 had the highest DCL-OI and a low number of segments with peak count > 2.

Figure 8. The relationship between dominant cycle length organisational index (DCL-OI) and peak number shows a tendency for higher DCL-OI with fewer peaks.

Figure 9. Regional distribution of Dominant cycle length organisational index (DCL-OI) .

Figure 10. Percentage of highly organised areas according to Dominant cycle length organisational index (DCL-OI), by patient (A) and by region. (B). Highly organized areas appear in blue.

Figure 11. Comparison of manual dominant cycle length (DCL) results and cycle length results based on dominant frequency (DF) analysis. There was moderate correlation and intraclass correlation was poor.

Figure 12. Absolute measurement errors of dominant frequency-based (DF) cycle length compared with manual dominant cycle length (DCL) (left). Bland Altman plot of differences between DF based CL and manual DCL. Red line represents mean difference (right).