This survey on the metallurgical effects of ultrasonic waves, including scientific and technological literature, deals with the following: A. The techniques for the treatment of melts by mechanical vibrations. 1. Mechanical vibrators. 2. Electromechanical transducers. 3. Ponderomotive effects of induced electrical currents. B. Metallurgical effects observed after ultrasonic treatment. 1. Reduction in grain size. 2. Degassing of melts. 3. Dispersion of other substances in melts. 4. Acceleration of rate processes. 5. Other metallurgical and related effects.
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E. A. Hiedemann (1954) studied this question.