Six rainfall events were intensively sampled below a mixed hardwood forest canopy in central Pennsylvania to determine sample size requirements for estimation of thronghfall volumes and ionic concentrations. Evaluation of the ionic parameters of thronghfall revealed that the concentrations of most major ions were nonnormally distributed. Differences in the distributions of concentrations were found to occur between ions as well as between storms. Significant departures from normality were mainly due to right‐skewness. Only H + exhibited a left skewed sample distribution. None of the basic transformations were effective in normalizing all parameters. A high degree of spatial variability was observed for each of the chemical parameters. Nitrate and hydrogen ions (NO − 3 and H + ), were found to be the least variable, whereas vegetatively mobile ions such as K + and Mg 2+ exhibited the greatest variability. Because of high event‐to‐event variation in the distributions of ion concentrations, specific sample‐size requirements should be estimated for each ion through preliminary sampling of thronghfall precipitation from several storms.
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Kostelnik et al. (1989) studied this question.