Resveratrol Relieves Hepatic Steatosis and Enhances the Effects of Atorvastatin in a Mouse Model of NAFLD by Regulating the Renin‐Angiotensin System, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Effects of resveratrol (RSV) with or without atorvastatin (AT) on high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced histopathological changes in mice (A–E). Control group (A); the hepatocytes are in a normal condition. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) group (B); uniformly, hepatocytes are swollen, and there are numerous fat‐containing vacuoles. Most nuclei are inclined from the center to the periphery of the cells. NAFLD + AT group (C); fatty cells are concentrated around the central vein (CV). However, the hepatocytes in the midzonal area are much less affected. NAFLD + RSV group (D); hepatocytes show infrequent changes. The nuclei are located at the center and only a rim of pale cream‐colored cytoplasm is prominent at the periphery of few hepatocytes. NAFLD + AT + RSV group (E); surprisingly, hepatocytes are in a normal condition with pink cytoplasmic staining and no evidence of fatty degeneration. CV, central vein.

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  FIGURE 2. Effects of resveratrol (RSV) with or without atorvastatin (AT) on serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Bars represent mean ± standard deviation (SD). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001. NS, not significant.

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  FIGURE 3. Effects of resveratrol (RSV) with or without atorvastatin (AT) on liver malondialdehyde (MDA) level and serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity in high‐fat diet (HFD)‐fed mice. Bars represent mean ± standard deviation (SD). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. NS, not significant.

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  FIGURE 4. Effects of resveratrol (RSV) with or without atorvastatin (AT) on inflammatory biomarkers in high‐fat diet (HFD)‐fed mice. Bars show mean ± standard deviation (SD). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001. NS, not significant.

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  FIGURE 5. Effects of resveratrol (RSV) with or without atorvastatin (AT) on the expression of the classical renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) components in high‐fat diet (HFD)‐fed mice. Bars show mean ± standard deviation (SD). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001. NS, not significant.

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  FIGURE 6. Effects of resveratrol (RSV) with or without atorvastatin (AT) on the expression of the alternative renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) components in high‐fat diet (HFD)‐fed mice. Bars show mean ± standard deviation (SD). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001. NS, not significant.