IL-10-Directed Cancer Immunotherapy: Preclinical Advances, Clinical Insights, and Future Perspectives

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Simple Summary Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is emerging as a promising cancer immunotherapy due to its ability to boost exhausted immune cells (CD8+ T cells), helping them fight tumors more effectively while also reducing harmful inflammation. However, despite encouraging early research, clinical trials of IL-10-based treatments, such as pegilodecakin, have faced challenges like side effects and inconsistent results, highlighting the need for better dosing and delivery methods. To overcome these obstacles, scientists have developed engineered IL-10 variants, fusion proteins, and bispecific constructs, which improve stability and extend IL-10’s activity, enhancing its effects when used with immune checkpoint inhibitors. As research continues to refine IL-10 therapies, innovative delivery systems and combination treatments could unlock its full potential in precision cancer care, making IL-10 a key player in the future of immunotherapy.