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An 80-foot-square plot in a red pine plantation was burned at extreme fire danger as part of a study of fire behaviour and effect. When the wind reversed its direction, the original slow-moving back-fire changed within a few minutes to a fast-spreading crown fire. The transition from surface to crowns is described in terms of rate of spread, fuel weight consumed and energy output.
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C. E. Van Wagner (1964) studied this question.
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