Based on the equivalence theorem of the on-shell S-matrix elements independently of nonlinearly realized Goldstone fields, we clarify the discrepancies raised by the use of the pseudovector derivative and pseudoscalar pion-nucleon couplings in the nucleon-nucleon axion bremsstrahlung process which is often taken as the dominant axion emission mechanism from SN 1987A. In addition, we propose a new method to calculate the axion emission rate from NN→NNπ data, and compare the result to the theoretical calculation based on the one-pion-exchange approximation.
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Choi et al. (1989) studied this question.
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