Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Li Ion Solvation Complexes in the Salt-Concentrated Electrolytes Using an Aprotic Donor Solvent, N,N-Dimethylformamide

We report the relation between the structural and electrochemical properties of N, N -dimethylformamide (DMF)-based electrolytes containing lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (LiTFSA) in the concentration range c Li = 0–3.2 mol dm –3 . Raman spectroscopy and DFT calculations indicate that Li + ions are solvated by DMF molecules in the form of [Li(DMF) 4 ] + complexes at low c Li (<2.0 mol dm –3, LiTFSA:DMF = 1:4 by mol), whereas the coordination of TFSA – anions to Li + ions occurs and gradually increases as c Li increases above 2.0 mol dm –3 . Quantitative Raman data analysis reveals that TFSA – anions coordinate with Li + ions in a monodentate manner (mono-TFSA) in the c Li range of 2.0–2.5 mol dm –3, and mono-TFSA coexists with TFSAs as a bidentate manner (bi-TFSA) in solutions with c Li > 2.5 mol dm –3 . The high c Li solutions, in which all the DMF molecules solvate to Li + ions (i.e., no DMF remains in the bulk), make the electrochemical window wider; the oxidative stability is enhanced owing to lower HOMO energy levels of solvated DMF molecules relative to those in the bulk. The salt concentration also controls the reductive stability; coordinated TFSA – anions within the Li-ion complexes formed in concentrated solutions affect the LUMO energy levels of the electrolyte. The LUMOs located on the TFSA – anions lead to a preferential reduction of the TFSA component rather than DMF to form a solid electrolyte interphase on graphite negative electrodes, resulting in the Li-ion insertion/desertion into/from graphite in the concentrated solutions.