Mechanical wave velocities in acute myocardial infarction: an exploratory study using three-dimensional high frame rate echocardiography

Figures

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  Figure 1. Image acquisition and processing of 3D MW velocities. A 3D HQ image was used to provide a myocardial mask. Clutter filter was then applied to the 3D HFR recording. The atrial kick wave was determined by manually identifying the anatomical M-mode signal. Velocity estimations were performed by generating a time-of-flight map, from which both direction and velocity of wave propagation were calculated. 4VC, 4Vc-D probe; CX, circumflex artery; DICOM, Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine; ECG, electrocardiogram; GE E95, Vivid E95 scanner; IQ data, data that provide amplitude and phase of a signal; MW, mechanical wave; WMS, wall motion score.

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  Figure 2. Flow chart of inclusions, analyses, and feasibility. Study flow chart. A2C, apical two-chamber view; A4C, apical four-chamber; ALAX, apical long axis; CX, circumflex artery; LAD, left anterior descending artery; MW, mechanical wave; RCA, right coronary artery.

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  Figure 3. Associations between global 3D MW velocities, troponins, and global systolic parameters. Associations between the global measurements of 3D MW velocities and WMSI (A), LVEF (B), GLS (C), and troponin T (D). LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; GLS, global longitudinal strain; MW, mechanical wave; r, Pearson’s correlation coefficient; WMSI, wall motion score index.

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  Figure 4. 3D MW velocities in infarcted territory among patients vs. corresponding territory in controls. MW velocities in the infarct-related territory compared with the same territory in controls. CX, circumflex artery; LAD, left anterior descending artery; RCA, right coronary artery.

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  Figure 5. Association between segmental 3D MW velocities and WMS. 3D MW velocities categorized based on WMS: normokinetic (WMS = 1), hypokinetic (WMS = 2), akinetic (WMS = 3), and dyskinetic (WMS = 4). There was significant difference between segments with normal wall motion (WMS = 1) and segments with abnormal wall motion (WMS = 2–4). MW, mechanical wave; WMS, wall motion score.