3D inorganic monoliths with sponge-like texture have been produced using polymer–gel templates. Colloidal suspensions of magnetite or titanium dioxide nanoparticles were diffused into swellable gels (see Figure) composed of acrylic acid–based copolymers, and possessing 3D channels. Hybrid composites were produced that could be subsequently transformed into ceramic monoliths with macroporous structure.
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Breulmann et al. (2000) studied this question.