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A true time delay analog beamforming network (BFN) suitable for Ka-band active antennas with more than 1500 radiating elements and able to generate 1001 beams in dual polarization is presented. The BFN, based on an air-filled 3-D discrete lens, is characterized by a minimized number of components and limited volume. Its complexity is only marginally dependent on the number of desired beams and the number of radiating elements. It is compatible with a large frequency bandwidth, large 3-D field of view, and dual polarizations. A design procedure based on the geometrical optics (GOs) is validated adopting a full-wave analysis. A breadboard fully representative of the entire antenna has been manufactured and tested. The excellent agreement between experimental and simulated results validates the antenna design and performance.
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Ruggerini et al. (2025) studied this question.
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