Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
The problem of spread F is examined statistically, and a resulting theoretical model is obtained to explain the usual spread-F ionogram. The results are applied in detail to a typical example of arctic spread F. The statistical model is based on the assumption of Gallet turbulence in the underside of the F layer under nighttime conditions.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Dimitri S. Bugnolo (1960) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: