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A flexible instrument for urological endoscopy of the renal pelvis, urethra and bladder is reported. Experience was gained with a commercially obtainable intraoperative choledochofiberscope. This flexible instrument has a tip that can be bent through 200 degrees and allows visualization of all the aforementioned endoscopic areas. Air was used as the visual medium for urethrocystoscopy, which has the advantages of providing better vision and of being universally available. A series of more than 100 urethrocystoscopies and the experience gained with the use of this instrument for intraoperative pyeloscopy during several years are reported.
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P Burchardt (1982) studied this question.
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