The nonlinear evolution of resistive pressure-gradient-driven turbulence with diamagnetic effects included generates a dc electric field (poloidal velocity) through the convective nonlinearity in the momentum balance equation. This radial electric field has a strong shear and contributes to the saturation of the turbulence; its effect on the saturation level of turbulence is more important than the change of the time and length scales of the modes by the direct ω* effects.
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Carreras et al. (1991) studied this question.
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