A generic phase diagram is proposed for stepped ($11m$) surfaces of fcc metals, which describes the roughening transition and subsequent changes of the nature of the rough phase in terms of a sequence of universal values for the roughness parameter x₁(T, m). From a detailed analysis of atom-beam diffraction profiles of Ni(115), for 100 K<T<900 K, it is concluded that Ni(115) is rough in this temperature interval. The roughening temperatures of Ni(113) and Ni(001) are predicted to be 200 ±{} 50 K and well above 420 K, respectively. Near 420 K, islands appear in the rough (115) surfaces in addition to the meandering steps.
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Nijs et al. (1985) studied this question.
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