Vacuum Microflow-Assisted Scalable Crystallization for an Efficient Carbon-Based CsPbI₃ Mini-Module

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Carbon-based perovskite solar cells have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation high-performance photovoltaic systems due to the potential of cost-effectiveness and high stability. However, the scalable fabrication technology for such cells remains a major obstacle to their commercial applications. The key issue is the slow evaporation rate of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent during the nucleation processing, which hinders inorganic perovskite film crystallization in large-area fabrication. Therefore, this work develops a vacuum microflow-assisted (VMA) scalable crystallization strategy by introducing directional purging airflow during vacuum flash evaporation to accelerate gas flow of the wet film surface and then boost the removal of the DMSO solvent. The DMSO evaporation rate is increased from 1.16 (under vacuum-only) to 5.49 μm/min/cm 2, thereby promoting the nucleation kinetics of CsPbI 3 films and significantly improving their crystallization quality and uniformity, proving the superiority of the VMA strategy in scalable fabrication of inorganic perovskite films. These CsPbI 3 films via the VMA strategy are used to assemble a carbon-based inorganic perovskite mini-module (12 cm 2 ) with an efficiency of 15.09%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such a mini-module.