Effect of lactic acid-rich sourdough bread on appetite regulation: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial

energy intake at the subsequent meal (p = 0.068), WSB led to lower hunger (p < 0.001), higher fullness (p < 0.001), lower desire to eat (p < 0.001), and lower prospective food consumption (p < 0.001) compared to WYB. WSB had a higher gastric half-emptying time (p = 0.002), lower glucose response between 15 and 30 min (p < 0.05) after bread consumption, and lower C-peptide response between 15 and 90 min (p < 0.05) after bread consumption, compared to WYB. These findings suggest that the consumption of WSB, rich in lactic acid, acutely enhanced satiety and improved the postprandial metabolic response. However, these effects did not result in reduced ad-libitum energy intake.