Bitumen components, responsible for various processing problems, were analysed with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (PAS–FTIR). These methods were selected because they can probe surfaces to different depths: ToF-SIMS explores the surface to a depth of ~1 nm; XPS analyses a surface layer 7 nm deep; and PAS–FTIR probes layers several micrometres thick.
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Bensebaa et al. (2000) studied this question.
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