The purpose of this study was to investigate the multiplicative effect of P (performance) and M (maintenance) leadership dimensions under fear and non-fear conditions. As an index of multiplicative effect served “fixation”, i.e., the moving back and forth within the same area of a maze. Furthermore, the study investigated processes that occur as pressure P changes to planning P as a consequence of M leadership. Subjects were asked to move to an exit of a maze by tapping four switches. A TV-monitor provided the inside view of the maze which changed in accordance with the lay-out of the maze as the subjects moved in it. Two emotional states (fear, non-fear) were factorially combined with leadership types (P, PM, M) for eight trials, providing a 2×3×8 design with the trials as a repeated measure. “Fixation” was found to be the lowest in “fear and PM” condition. The degree of planning P was higher in PM than in P or M conditions. Perception of unreasonable pressure from the leader was less marked in PM than in P conditions. These findings seemed to indicate that M leadership helped to change pressure P into planning P.
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Kugihara et al. (1984) studied this question.