Drugs and products in beekeeping: Efficacy and perspectives of natural alternatives

Honeybee health isakey factor insustainable apiculture, with the most significant colony losses attributed tothe mite Varroa destructor and microsporidia ofthe genus Nosema spp. The aim ofthis review article istosummarise current knowledge onthe use ofpharmaceuticals and preparations inthe prevention and treatment ofthese diseases and tohighlight promising alternatives tosynthetic acaricides. Commonly used active substances such asamitraz and pyrethroids show decreased efficacy inmany countries due tothe development ofresistance. Therefore, organic acids (formic, oxalic, and lactic), essential oils, and plant extracts are increasingly used asenvironmentally friendly, residue-free alternatives. Some plant preparations and extracts have been shown tobeeffective against Nosema ceranae. In addition to therapeutic interventions, the importance of preventive measures and immune support through supplements containing vitamins, amino acids, and probiotics is emphasised. The article highlights the need for integrated bee health management combining pharmacological, natural, and biotechnological approaches to limit resistance development, minimise residues in bee products, and promote overall colony vitality.