Outcomes of physical exercises on initiation, progression, and treatment of breast cancer

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  Fig. 1. The influence of physical activity on the progression of cancer. The cancer care continuum comprises multiple stages encompassing the identification and diagnosis of cancer, the implementation of suitable treatment strategies, the provision of support for cancer survivors, the management of disease progression, and the delivery of palliative care. Distinct pathological conditions are associated with each stage of the cancer continuum. These conditions encompass the presence of tumors, the utilization of anti-cancer therapy, the manifestation of long-term adverse effects, and the intricate interplay among these factors. Exercise training possesses the ability to accomplish diverse objectives across this continuum. The intervention possesses the capacity to generate a multitude of benefits. These benefits encompass a decreased probability of cancer manifestation in the pre-diagnostic phase, improved tolerability and efficacy of pharmacological interventions, lowered risk of cancer recurrence, alleviation of adverse effects associated with initial anti-cancer therapy, reduced likelihood of concurrent development of other medical conditions, and promotion of post-treatment recovery…

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  Fig. 2. A well-documented relationship has been established between the participation in physical exercise and the potential reduction of cancer risk, with this connection being attributed to underlying molecular mechanisms. Prior research has indicated that brief periods of intervention possess the capacity to augment the blood flow to tumors, facilitate the transportation of oxygen, alleviate metabolic stress within the tumor, mitigate cellular damage, and promote the production of reactive oxygen species. The abrupt modifications possess the capacity to initiate signaling cascades that impede the progression of metastasis. Chronic training adaptations are characterized by the enhancement of immune function, the reduction of systemic inflammation, and the improvement of metabolic health. Intratumoral alterations can be distinguished by heightened blood perfusion, an immunogenic profile, and enhanced infiltration of immune cells. There exists a documented correlation between the participation in physical exercise and the potential mitigation of cancer, wherein this association is connected to fundamental molecular mechanisms. Previous studies have indicated that acute sessions have the…

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  Fig. 3. The relationship between physical activity and the progression of metastatic disease. The initial results indicate that participation in physical activity is linked to a reduction in the invasion of tumor cells by inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanism. Consequently, participation in physical activity resulted in a decrease in vascular permeability, inhibition of the interaction between endothelial cells and tumor cells, and a reduction in intravasation. Furthermore, aside from enhancing vascular shear force, mobilizing macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and CD8 + T cells, regulating metabolism, and inducing apoptosis, physical activity possesses the capability to impede the viability of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The findings of the study indicate that participation in physical activity can effectively impede the formation of platelet-tumor cell aggregates and the adherence of tumor cells to endothelial cells. These phenomena have been identified as factors that hinder the extravasation process