Clinical Application of Optical Genome Mapping for Molecular Diagnosis of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy

Background: Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a common form of muscular dystrophy that mainly affects skeletal muscle. FSHD1 accounts for 95% of all FSHD cases and can be diagnosed based on the pathogenic contraction of the D4Z4-repeat array on chromosome 4q35. Genetic diagnosis of FSHD1 is challenging because of the large size and repetitive nature of the D4Z4 region. We evaluated the clinical applicability of optical genome mapping (OGM) for the genetic diagnosis of FSHD1. Methods: We included 25 individuals with clinically confirmed or suspected/probable FSHD and their families. Ultra-high-molecular-weight DNA from peripheral blood was labeled, stained, and imaged using a single-molecule OGM platform (Bionano Genomics Saphyr system). D4Z4 repeat size and haplotype information were analyzed using the manufacturer's dedicated pipeline. We also compared the workflow and test time between Southern blot analysis and OGM. Results: mosaic FSHD1 patient was successfully diagnosed with OGM. Moreover, OGM has a more straightforward and less time-consuming workflow than Southern blot analysis. Conclusions: OGM enables accurate and reliable detection of pathogenic contraction of the D4Z4-repeat array and is a valuable tool for the genetic diagnosis of FSHD1.