The use of a plane-gridded retarding potential analyzer (planar ion trap) for measuring dominant constituent ion concentrations, ion temperature, and instrument potential in planetary ionospheres is analyzed. An example of its use for measuring these quantities in the earth's ionosphere is presented. Limitations on the resolution of the instrument for measurement of constituent ion concentrations is considered. Errors in ion temperature that may arise from nonuniformity of the analyzing grid potential, curvature of the ion sheath, and neglect of minor ionic concentrations are evaluated in some detail.
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W. C. Knudsen (1966) studied this question.
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