Tomato Puree Enrichment in a High‐Fat Meal Reduces Postprandial Plasma and Adipose Tissue Inflammation Biomarkers in Healthy Male Adults: A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Inter‐group comparison analysis of iAUCsnet of postprandial plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers (TPM vs. HFM). Mean ± SEM (biological replicates) of normalized plasma concentrations (postprandial values—fasting value). p values correspond to inter‐group comparisons of mean iAUCsnet between TPM (red) (n = 39) and HFM (grey) (n = 39) groups, using a paired t‐test, and p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference, highlighted in bold. CCL2, C‐C motif chemokine ligand 2; iAUCnet, net incremental area under the curve; HFM, high fat meal; IL‐1β, interleukin 1 beta; IL‐6, interleukin 6; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TPM, tomato puree meal.

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  FIGURE 2. Inter‐group comparative analysis of postprandial variations in plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers (TPM vs. HFM). Mean ± SEM (biological replicates) of changes (Δ) in plasma concentrations between baseline (0 h) and postprandial (8 h). p values correspond to the ANOVA analysis of the GLM model that compared variations between TPM (red) (n = 39) and HFM (grey) (n = 39) groups; p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference. The difference between groups is indicated by *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01. The variation was calculated between each collection time (Δ8h–0h), according to the following calculation: (postprandial value—fasting value). CCL2, C‐C motif chemokine ligand 2; HFM, high fat meal; IL‐1β, interleukin 1 beta; IL‐6, interleukin 6; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TPM, tomato puree meal.

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  FIGURE 3. Inter‐group comparison analysis of iAUCsnet of postprandial gene expression of inflammatory markers in adipose tissue (TPM vs. HFM). Mean ± SEM (Biological replicates) of gene expression levels (postprandial value—fasting value). p values correspond to inter‐group comparisons of mean iAUCsnet between TPM (red) (n = 39) and HFM (grey) (n = 39) groups, using a paired t‐test, and p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference, highlighted in bold. CCL2, C‐C motif chemokine ligand 2, CCL5, C‐C motif chemokine ligand 5 gene, HFM, high fat meal, iAUCnet, net incremental area under the curve, IL1B, interleukin 1 beta, IL6, interleukin 6, TNFA, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TPM, tomato puree meal.

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  FIGURE 4. Inter‐group comparative analysis of postprandial variations in plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers (TPM vs. HFM). Mean ± SEM (biological replicates) of changes (Δ) in plasma concentrations between baseline (0 h) and postprandial (8 h). p values correspond to the ANOVA analysis of the GLM model that compared variations between TPM (red) (n = 39) and HFM (grey) (n = 39) groups; p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference, highlighted in bold. The difference between groups is indicated by *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001. The variation was calculated between each collection time (Δ8h–0h), according to the following calculation: (postprandial value—fasting value). CCL2, C‐C motif chemokine ligand 2; CCL5, C‐C motif chemokine ligand 5; HFM, high fat meal; IL1B, interleukin 1 beta; IL6, interleukin 6; TNFA, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TPM, tomato puree meal.