Optimizing systolic blood pressure targets for elderly hypertensive patients: a meta-analysis of mortality, cardiovascular outcomes, and adverse events

Fig. 1. Meta-analyses flow chart for the study selection. Meta-analysis flow chart detailing the study selection process. The chart illustrates the number of studies identified, screened, excluded, and included in the final analysis, along with the reasons for exclusion. CVD, cardiovascular disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease.

Fig. 2. Forest plot of total primary outcome events in intensive and standard treatment groups. Forest plot comparing total primary outcome events between intensive and standard treatment groups. The pooled effect size and individual study estimates with 95% CIs are presented. M-H, Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects model; CI, confidence interval; SBP, systolic blood pressure; df, degrees of freedom; I2, measure of heterogeneity.

Fig. 3. Forest plot of heart failure in intensive and standard treatment groups. Forest plot depicting the incidence of heart failure events in intensive versus standard treatment groups. Each study’s contribution and the overall summary effect are displayed with CIs. Not estimable indicates that no data were available for the respective outcome in the corresponding treatment group. M-H, Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects model; CI, confidence interval; SBP, systolic blood pressure; df, degrees of freedom; I2, measure of heterogeneity.

Fig. 4. Forest plot and meta-analysis of adverse events in intensive and standard treatment groups. Forest plot and meta-analysis of adverse events in intensive and standard treatment groups, including hypotension, renal failure, and falls. The figure highlights the relative risks and CIs for each adverse event category. Not estimable indicates that no data were available for the respective outcome in the corresponding treatment group. M-H, Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects model; CI, confidence interval; SBP, systolic blood pressure; df, degrees of freedom; I2, measure of heterogeneity.