A combined logistic regression and decision tree analysis of factors influencing throwing velocity and accuracy in little league baseball players

Background: We investigated factors related to pitching performance-defined by pitch velocity and accuracy-based on baseball experience, pitching workload, anthropometrics, and range of motion and strength (grip and shoulder) among little league baseball players. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 348 right-handed baseball players aged 9-12 years. Assessments included baseball and pitching experience, weekly pitching workload during both games and practices, anthropometrics, range of motion, grip, and shoulder strength. Throwing velocity was measured using a radar gun during a standardized flat-ground throwing task, and throwing accuracy was assessed using a nine-zone target scoring system. Players were classified into high- and low-velocity groups based on the median velocity to enable decision tree analysis. Using logistic regression and decision tree analyses, factors associated with throwing velocity and accuracy were identified. High-accuracy players were taller, older, and had greater nondominant grip strength than low-accuracy players. Conclusion: Throwing velocity was modestly associated with pitching experience, weekly pitching workload, and dominant-side grip strength, whereas throwing accuracy was associated primarily with baseball experience. These findings should be interpreted cautiously given the modest effect sizes and cross-sectional design.