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Design
Review
May warrant differentiation in breath-holding spells; leaves open prospective validation of mechanism-specific therapies.
The terminology is confusing and there is no internationally agreed nomenclature for Breath Holding Spells and related disorders. In North America, the term generally includes Reflex Anoxic Seizures (RAS) [1] or “Pallid Breath-Holding Spells” (see chapter on RAS) and Expiratory Apnea Syncope (EAS) or “Cyanotic Breath-Holding Spells” [2]. The mechanisms and treatment options are so different that I believe the distinction is important.
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William Whitehouse (2015) studied this question.
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