A Review of Wet Cupping’s Effects on Oxidative Stress and Insulin Resistance

Objectives: We investigated the potential mechanisms and preliminary clinical advantages of wet cupping therapy (WCT) in reducing oxidative stress and improving insulin resistance. Traditionally used in Eastern and Middle Eastern medicine to address blood stasis, WCT is now being explored for its broader metabolic and anti-inflammatory implications. The therapy involves skin incisions and negative pressure to remove blood, potentially eliminating oxidative metabolites (e.g., malondialdehyde) and inflammatory mediators while enhancing antioxidant defenses such as superoxide dismutase (SOD).Methods: We selectively reviewed literature published within the past decade on physiological responses associated with WCT, with particular focus on oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic parameters. Additional evidence was examined from studies investigating improvements in microcirculation, immune modulation, and restoration of insulin signaling via the PI3K-Akt pathway.Results: Preliminary findings suggest that WCT may contribute to reductions in fasting glucose, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and serum ferritin, indicating its potential as an adjunctive approach in managing chronic metabolic conditions such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Several studies report declines in oxidative stress markers (MDA, MPO) and increases in antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, CAT). However, much of the current evidence stems from small-scale, short-term, or non-randomized studies, limiting the strength and generalizability of the conclusions.Conclusions: WCT appears to offer preliminary metabolic benefits through oxidative stress reduction and insulin sensitivity enhancement. Nonetheless, well-designed randomized controlled trials and long-term studies are essential to confirm its clinical efficacy and establish standardized treatment protocols.