Novelties in 3D Transthoracic Echocardiography

Figures

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  Figure 1. Transillumination techniques in mitral valve prolapse. (A): Four-chamber view showing (arrow and area of interest included in the 2 yellow lines) how to visualize the surgical view of the MV; (B): example of visualization of a chordal rupture (arrow) from the surgical view; (C): loculated P2 prolapse (arrow); (D): large P2 prolapse (arrow); (E,F) early- and mid- systolic frames of a P2 prolapse associated with a cleft P2/P3 (arrow).

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  Figure 2. Three examples of cases in whom transthoracic 3D echocardiography (3DTTE) was particularly useful: (A) left ventricle (LV) myxoma, (B) Tricuspid valve fibroelastoma and (C) precise localization of a pacemaker lead crossing the tricuspid valve.

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  Figure 3. Bicuspid aortic valve 3D reconstruction: (A) the arrow shows the perspective view to visualize the LV outflow tract; (B) transillumination technique of LVOT and aortic cusps. LV: left ventricle; LVOT: left ventricle outflow tract; RV: right ventricle.

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  Figure 4. Dynamic automated evaluation of the LV and LA volumes and function. After launching the acquired 3DE dataset (A), the examiner has immediately on the display LV and LA with automated recognition of the 2 cavities (B) and LV/LA reciprocal volumetric changes, throughout the cardiac cycle, with all measurements and functional curves (C).

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  Figure 5. Acquisition and reconstruction of the right ventricle (RV). (A): adapted 4-chamber view for acquisition of the entire RV cavity; (B): reconstruction on the display of the RV cast (cine loops) and all measurements (RV volumes and function). (C): magnification of the RV cast and morphology of inflow, outflow and apex of the RV.