Social life seems to have its roots in a fundamental trait or property of all living matter by which survival is one function of the aggregation of organisms. From this stage life has evolved to greater independence of close proximity; survival values accrue then from groupings tropistically produced-individuals collected in response to common environmental conditions. In the final stage, individuals show minimum reactions as separate units and respond mainly as members of a group. As a result of the working of the two principles of the struggle for existence and of co-operation, and through a process of emergent evolution, man has developed social groups.
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W. C. Allee (1931) studied this question.