Canthaxanthin in laying hens and broiler breeders: a multifunctional carotenoid for egg quality and reproductive performance

SUMMARYCanthaxanthin, a ketocarotenoid, has emerged as a multifunctional feed additive in poultry nutrition, particularly for laying hens and broiler breeders. Initially valued for its pigmentation properties, it has increasingly gained attention for its potent antioxidant effects, which play a critical role in enhancing egg quality and reproductive performance. This carotenoid, naturally present in sources such as mushrooms and algae, has been shown to effectively improve egg yolk pigmentation, with optimal inclusion levels ranging from 0.5 to 7 mg/kg of feed. Due to its high bioavailability and efficient deposition in the yolk, canthaxanthin is often preferred for achieving consistent and desirable yolk coloration. Beyond its pigmentation effects, canthaxanthin has demonstrated notable reproductive benefits, including improved follicular development, enhanced egg quality, and better regulation of reproductive hormones, particularly in broiler breeders. Its antioxidant properties help counteract oxidative stress, a major factor negatively affecting fertility and embryonic development. Furthermore, recent studies highlight its potential to alleviate the adverse effects of environmental stressors, such as heat, on poultry performance. Despite these advantages, challenges remain regarding its chemical stability and bioavailability, prompting ongoing research into advanced delivery systems, such as encapsulation and other innovative formulation strategies. This review provides an overview of the historical development, mechanisms of action, dose-response relationships, and practical applications of canthaxanthin in poultry production. It also emphasizes real-world implementation, identifies current knowledge gaps, and outlines directions for future research.