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Microneedles (MNs) offer a precise and minimally invasive platform for delivering vaccines and therapeutic agents directly into the skin, leveraging the abundance of tissue-resident immune cells to elicit robust and durable immune responses. Compared to traditional intramuscular or subcutaneous vaccination methods, MN-based vaccines demonstrate superior patient compliance, enhanced antigen stability, and heightened immunogenicity, positioning them as a promising tool in biomedical applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the materials and fabrication techniques used in MN preparation, explores their structural classifications, and examines the role of antigens and adjuvants in optimizing vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, the diverse applications of MN delivery systems in preventing infectious diseases, advancing tumor immunotherapy, and addressing other immune-related conditions are discussed.
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Liu et al. (2025) studied this question.
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