We are always ready to move away: a comparison of place attachment levels and structural validity between landed housing estates and condominium projects in Thailand

This research investigates the varying levels and structures of place attachment in landed housing estates compared to condominiums in Thailand, which feature distinct physical settings within the built environment. The study employs a quantitative approach, utilising a questionnaire developed from a literature review distributed both online and offline. Data were collected from 660 samples who own either landed housing estates or condominiums. Various statistical measures were employed, including mean, standard deviation (SD), Chi-square tests and one-way ANOVA. Additionally, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using the Basic CB-SEM Algorithm via SmartPLS 4 was conducted to study the structural validity and model fit of the place attachment components across landed housing estates and condominium projects. The findings revealed that Thai individuals exhibit lower levels of place attachment to their landed housing estates and condominiums than previously anticipated, particularly regarding social bonding. Furthermore, despite their distinctive property settings, the structural validities of both types of housing are not significantly different. This research provides valuable insights for real estate developers and property administrators, offering guidelines to enhance place attachment levels and support the co-living concept, particularly as living alone in a house has become more challenging than before.