Evidence of Ancient Exposure to Non-Essential Metals at the Archaeological Sites of Caral, Vichama, and Aspero on the North-Central Coast of Peru

Since ancient times, non-essential metal contamination has been a concern, with evidence linking it to health issues and potential anatomical and physiological effects. The Central Andes region, in particular, has experienced significant recurrent exposure to high concentrations of certain toxic elements. This exploratory study, concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead were quantified in a limited set of hair samples obtained from ancient human remains from Caral (Initial Formative 2400-1900 BCE), Vichama (Early Formative 1 1800-1500 BCE), and Aspero (Middle Formative 900-800 BCE) archaeological sites. Arsenic was the most frequent contaminant, sometimes exceeding the threshold considered safe. Lead levels indicated chronic exposure, possibly linked to migration from polluted regions. Several individuals from Vichama showed cadmium exposure, potentially tied to diet or cultural practices. Only one sample exceeded mercury safety thresholds. The findings suggest that some individuals may have experienced health effects related to long-term metal contamination.