Sepsis: A Comprehensive Review of Etiological Factors, Risk Determinants, Clinical Outcomes and Emerging Therapeutic Paradigms

Sepsis is quite a significant health issue all over the world, which is a dysregulated organ dysfunction due to host response to infection that threatens with life. This review will discuss multifactorial etiology of sepsis, major factors such as malnutrition, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, and malignancies, acute and long-term clinicalization. There is still a high mortality rate in the immediate term and the survivors experience high morbidity such as cognitive impairment, physical disability and permanent immune dysfunction. Existing diagnostic and therapeutic problems are due to heterogeneity of sepsis and the absence of specific biomarkers. New avenues of research are on the horizon: immunosuppression and neuroinflammation as sepsis consequences can be studied mechanostatically to provide targeted treatments; nanotechnology can be used to diagnose sepsis faster and deliver drugs, and personalized treatment strategies can be provided using sepsis endotyping. The required paradigm shift in sepsis management is the abandonment of standardized protocols and the introduction of endotype-specific and individualized intervention and survivorship care models, in which recovery needs require the improvement of long-term rehabilitation and care.