Experiments with plasma heating by waves at the ion cyclotron resonance of a minority species have shown that the heating efficiency degrades above a certain power threshold. It is found that this threshold is due to the destabilization of a branch of shear Alfvén waves, the Energetic Particle Modes, which causes a diffusive loss of fast ions. These modes not only play a fundamental role in the transport of the fast ions, but appear closely related to the formation of giant sawteeth.
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Bernabei et al. (1999) studied this question.
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