Ultra-high energy cosmic rays, cascade gamma rays, and high-energy neutrinos from gamma-ray bursts

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are sources of energetic, highly variable fluxes of γ rays, which demonstrates that they are powerful particle accelerators. Besides relativistic electrons, GRBs should also accelerate high-energy hadrons, some of which could escape cooling to produce ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). Acceleration of high-energy hadrons in GRB blast waves will be established if high-energy neutrinos produced through photopion interactions in the blast wave are detected from GRBs. Limitations on the energy in non-thermal hadrons and the number of expected neutrinos are imposed by the fluxes from pair-photon cascades initiated in the same processes that produce neutrinos. Only the most powerful bursts at fluence levels ≳ 3 × 10 −4 erg cm −2 offer a realistic prospect for detection of ≫TeV neutrinos. Detection of high-energy neutrinos is likely if GRB blast waves have large baryon loads and Doppler factors ≲ 200. Cascade γ rays will accompany neutrino production and might already have been detected as anomalous emission components in the spectra of some GRBs. Prospects for detection of GRBs in the Milky Way are also considered.