Key result
Higher 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was significantly associated with an increased prevalence (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.09-1.13) and incidence (25% increase; 95% CI 1.19-1.32) of metabolic syndrome.
Why the study?
The study was conducted to evaluate the association of metabolic syndrome risk with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion estimated from spot urine samples.
Does higher urinary sodium excretion increase the prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome in adults?
Cross-Sectional (n=59,292)
No
Does higher urinary sodium excretion increase the prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome in adults?
Odds Ratio: 1.11 (95% CI 1.09–1.13)
Higher estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion is significantly associated with both an increased prevalence and a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults.
Higher sodium excretion links to MetS risk; leaves open whether reduction prevents incidence in observational data.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24hUNaE) estimated from spot urine samples. DESIGN: Serial cross-sectional studies were conducted, and those with multiple repeated examinations were used to assess the MetS incidence risk. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A health check-up programme was conducted between 2018 and 2021 and enrolled 59 292 participants to evaluate the relationship between MetS risk and 24hUNaE in the Third Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China. Among these participants, 9550 had at least two physical examinations during this period, which were used to evaluate the association of a new occurrence of MetS with 24hUNaE. OUTCOMES: Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidaemia in Chinese adults (revised in 2016) were used to define prevalent and incident MetS. RESULTS: The prevalence of MetS was 19.3% at the first check-up; among individuals aged ≤55 years, the risk was higher in men than women, while among older individuals, a similar prevalence was observed in both sexes. A significant increase in MetS prevalence was observed per unit increase in 24hUNaE (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.11; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.13), especially for the prevalence of central obesity and elevated blood pressure. Additionally, 27.4% of the participants among the 7842 participants without MetS at the first check-up (male vs female: 37.3% vs 12.9%) were found to have a new occurrence of MetS at the second, third and/or fourth check-ups. A 25% increase in MetS incidence was observed per unit increase in 24hUNaE (95% CI 1.19 to 1.32), which was more prominent in the participants with a new occurrence of central obesity and elevated fasting blood glucose. CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence of MetS seemed stable, new occurrences of MetS remained high, which might result in MetS recurrence. The influence of sodium intake on MetS development is probably attributed to the increase in blood pressure and central obesity, but a new occurrence of MetS may develop through elevated blood glucose and central obesity.
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Yin et al. (2023) conducted a cross-sectional in Metabolic syndrome (n=59,292). 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was evaluated on Prevalence of metabolic syndrome (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.13). Higher 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was significantly associated with an increased prevalence (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.09-1.13) and incidence (25% increase; 95% CI 1.19-1.32) of metabolic syndrome.
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