as infections, infestations, or other factors related to bird keeping in different countries.Another potential explanation for the discrepancy is that neither of the two new studies has looked specifically at pigeon keeping, which was the only significant association with lung cancer in the study from Scotland.5In Britain at least there is likely to be a substantial difference in the number ofbirds kept, and consequent degree of exposure, between those keeping pigeons for racing and those who keep one or two birds as indoor domestic pets.It is perhaps still possible that the previously reported associations relate to an underlying effect that is specific to pigeon keeping.To resolve these uncertainties it would be necessary to repeat these studies yet again in the populations that gave rise to the original observations of an association, taking particular care to deal with confounding effects.However, these two new studies seem to be conclusive in two respects.First, they
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Lilleyman et al. (1996) studied this question.
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