Global, Regional, and National Burdens of Ischemic Heart Disease Attributable to Smoking From 1990 to 2019

Background This study was conducted to estimate the distribution of and changes in the global disease burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to smoking between 1990 and 2019. Methods and Results Data used in this study come from the GBD 2019 (Global Burden of Disease Study 2019). Age-standardized rates and estimated annual percentage change of age-standardized rates were used to describe this burden and its changing trend. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between the sociodemographic index and changing trend. From 1990 to 2019, the burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to smoking has shown a downward trend globally; estimated annual percentage changes of age-standardized mortality rates and age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years rates were -2.012 (95% CI, -2.068 to -1.956) and -1.907 (95% CI, -1.975 to -1.838). Nineteen countries experienced an increase in disease burden, and the changes in 17 countries were not statistically significant. In addition, this burden was higher in men and older age groups. Estimated annual percentage change of the age-standardized rates of this burden were negatively correlated with the sociodemographic index. Conclusions Although the burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to smoking has decreased in >80% of countries or regions in the past 30 years, it has remained a significant issue in low- and middle-income countries, particularly among men and elderly populations. Therefore, active tobacco control measures, focusing on key populations, are required to reduce the associated burden of ischemic heart disease, especially in those countries or regions with increasing prevalence and disease burden.