Creating protein biocatalysts as tools for future industrial applications

BACKGROUND: Biocatalysts provide an economical and energy-efficient alternative to traditional chemical manufacturing processes. For processes where biocatalysts currently do not exist or existing protein catalysts function poorly, there is a tremendous need to discover new protein catalysts that function in industrial settings. The protein engineering community has traditionally relied on cell-based techniques in 96-well format to evolve new catalysts or improve existing enzymes. OBJECTIVE: This review examines recent progress made in many display technologies, providing powerful alternatives for generating novel enzymes with altered specificity or altogether new types of function. METHODS: Library creation methods and display technologies that are commonly used in conjunction with enzyme evolution are discussed. CONCLUSION: We conclude with an expert opinion on future trans-disciplinary approaches that combine directed evolution with computational design as novel platforms for rapidly discovering new types of catalytic function.