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Li x MnO 2 made by ion exchange of glycine-nitrate combustion synthesis-processed (GNP) orthorhombic Na 0.44 MnO 2 ( GNP Li x MnO 2 ) has been cycled in lithium/liquid electrolyte cell configurations at room temperature and lithium/polymer cell configurations at 85°C over one hundred times without showing capacity fading or phase conversion to spinel. At 2.5 mA/cm 2 in liquid cells (5C rate) or 1 mA/cm 2 (1.5C rate) in polymer cells, 80-95% of the expected capacity is delivered. The remarkable stability is attributable to the unusual double tunnel structure, which cannot easily undergo rearrangement to spinel. The enhanced rate capability of GNP Li x MnO 2 compared to conventionally prepared materials is attributable to the shorter particle length, which allows faster diffusion of lithium ions along the tunnels.
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Doeff et al. (2001) studied this question.
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