Past, present and future of human reproduction and development in space

This manuscript explores future pathways for human reproduction, development, and adaptation in space, informed by advances in developmental space biology, artificial intelligence, reproductive biotechnology, and cybernetic systems. The challenges associated with reproduction and development under space conditions are examined together with emerging technological pathways designed to overcome these limitations. It is proposed that prenatal and early postnatal developmental stages may constitute critical biological windows for facilitating long-term adaptation to space. Artificial-gravity systems, advanced cybernetic technologies, and genetic interventions are explored as potential mechanisms supporting this process. Such interactions could ultimately transform reproduction and early development into active drivers of human evolution, contributing to the emergence of biologically distinct populations progressively adapted to diverse space environments.